Roman Numeral Converter

Number ↔ Roman numeral.

How this calculator works

Converts between Roman numerals and Arabic numbers.

Roman numerals use I, V, X, L, C, D, M with subtractive notation (IV = 4, IX = 9).

The subtractive notation (writing a smaller numeral before a larger one to mean subtraction) wasn't standard in ancient Rome — it became the convention centuries later, which is why some historical inscriptions show 4 as IIII rather than IV.

Example

1994 → MCMXCIV. Break it down: M (1000) + CM (900) + XC (90) + IV (4).

Frequently asked questions

What's the largest Roman numeral?

Classical Roman numerals only go up to 3,999 (MMMCMXCIX). Larger values use vinculum notation.

Why do we still use Roman numerals?

Book chapters, movie sequels, clock faces, and monarch numbering.

Is there a Roman numeral for zero?

No — the Roman numeral system has no symbol for zero, since the concept of zero as a number wasn't part of the system when it was developed.

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